Camilla Pickles' Pregnancy Law in South Africa: Between Reproductive Autonomy and Foetal Interests (Pregnancy Law) aims at providing a less adversarial angle related to the pregnant woman and the unborn within her by moving away from viewing the pregnant woman as a single entity (including the unborn within her) as well as from viewing the pregnant woman and the unborn within her as two separate entities of distinctive value and with separate needs. This applies to four categories addressed by Pregnancy Law, namely foetal personhood, violence against pregnant women that terminates pregnancies, substance abuse during pregnancy, and the termination of pregnancy especially in the South African context. Pregnancy Law positions its argument on a relational model that emphasises the context of pregnancy as signifying a connection between the pregnant woman (with rights) and the unborn (with interests) inside her, the unborn being entirely dependent on the pregnant woman's body. This, in turn, is blended with what is referred to as a not-one/not-two approach. Bearing this in mind, Pregnancy Law claims to provide a compromise, a middle ground and a third approach regarding what is perceived to be the extremes of the single-entity and separate-entities approaches. Bearing this in mind, this article critically appraises Pregnancy Law's claims as alluded to above with a specific focus on the status of the unborn against the background of abortion (which in turn has implications for matters related to foetal personhood, violence against pregnant women that terminates pregnancies, and substance abuse during pregnancy).

In 2015 the South African judiciary was confronted with the issue of the so-called "right to die", when Robin Stransham-Ford applied to the High Court of South Africa (the North Gauteng Division) for an order to have his life terminated. Although the Supreme Court of Appeal set aside the order (on procedural grounds), the High Court's judgment paved the way towards renewed attention regarding the possible legalisation of euthanasia. A pertinent question arising from this is whether a medical practitioner may be compelled to participate in the administering of euthanasia. Bearing this in mind, this article argues for the protection of the rights of medical practitioners who conscientiously object to participating in the administering of euthanasia, especially where such an objection is based on religious beliefs. From this arises the necessity to investigate the rights applicable both to the medical practitioner and the patient (which focusses on the right to freedom of religion and personal autonomy), the weighing up against one another of the different meanings ascribed to such rights, as well as the postulation of a substantively competitive rationale against the background of the importance and sacredness of human life. This also overlaps with the importance of the endeavour towards higher levels of religious freedoms and consequently of plurality in democratic societies. Applying the proportionality test in the analysis whether a medical practitioner's rights may be reasonably and justifiably limited against the background of administering euthanasia also strengthens the argument for the protection of the medical practitioner's right to object conscientiously to the administering of euthanasia. This, together with the vacuum there is in substantive human rights jurisprudence related to this topic, suggests the importance of this article both for the South African context and beyond.

Resumo Este artigo descreve o comportamento da aderência de um concreto leve estrutural com pérolas de EPS (CLEPE) sob carregamento monotônico, com base em revisão bibliográfica e em ensaios de arrancamento. Os resultados desses ensaios de CLEPE foram comparados com os de um concreto convencional (CC) e com os valores baseados nas recomendações da ABNT NBR 6118:2014 - Projeto de estruturas de concreto. Foram analisados os ensaios de arrancamento de dois lotes de CLEPE e um de CC, totalizando 60 ensaios. Também foram determinadas características mecânicas, tais como: resistência à compressão e resistência à tração por compressão diametral. Os resultados calculados de acordo com a norma citada foram muito diferentes dos obtidos nos ensaios, indicando que os valores teóricos são mais conservadores do que os experimentais. Verificou-se também que é possível usar o CLEPE em estruturas, no que diz respeito à adequada aderência da armadura ao concreto.

Abstract This paper describes the adherence behavior of a structural lightweight concrete with EPS beads (SLCEB) in a monotonic loading, based in a bibliographic review and in pull-out tests. The results of these SLCEB tests were compared with those of an ordinary concrete (OC) and with the values based in indications of the Brazilian code ABNT NBR 6118:2014 - Design of concrete structures. The pull-out tests of two batches of SLCEB and one of OC were analyzed, in a total of 60 tests. Mechanical characteristics were determined too, such as: compressive strength and tensile strength in split cylinder test. The calculated results according to the above mentioned standard were very different from those obtained in the tests, indicating that the theoretical values are more conservative than the experimental ones. It was also verified that it is possible to use SLCEB in structures with respect to the adequate adherence of reinforcement in the concrete.

RESUMO Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a expressão gênica do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina I (IGF-I) e do receptor do hormônio do crescimento (GHR) no fígado e no músculo do peito de codornas de corte, alimentadas com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de suplementação de metionina, em duas gerações sucessivas. Foram utilizadas codornas dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade, distribuídas em três e cinco tratamentos na primeira e na segunda geração, respectivamente. Ao final, as aves foram abatidas por deslocamento cervical, sendo coletados fígado e músculo do peito para extração de RNA total. O cDNA foi amplificado usando primers específicos para os genes analisados. Os resultados mostraram que a expressão dos genes GHR e IGF-I sofreu influência da suplementação. No quinto tratamento, em que apenas a primeira geração recebeu uma suplementação acima do padrão das exigências para o período, houve uma expressão significativamente maior do GHR tanto no músculo do peito como no fígado e igualmente do IGF-I no músculo, levando a concluir que o excesso de metionina na dieta torna-se tóxica para as aves. Apesar de a expressão dos genes ter sofrido influência da adição de metionina nos níveis estudados, não foi observada diferença no consumo alimentar, na conversão alimentar e no peso das aves.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the gene expression of the insulin-like I growth factor (IGF-I) and growth hormone receptor (GHR), in the liver and chest muscle of slaughter quails fed with diets containing different levels of methionine supplementation, in two successive generations. Twenty-two to 42 day-old quails were used, distributed in three and five treatments in the first and second generation, respectively. At the end, the birds were killed by cervical dislocation, and their liver and chest muscle were collected for total RNA extraction. The cDNA was amplified using specific primers for the genes analyzed. The results showed that the expression of GHR gene and IGF-I were influenced by the supplementation. In the fifth treatment, where only the first generation received supplementation above the standard requirements for the period, there was a significantly higher expression of GHR both in muscle chest and in the liver, and also IGF-I on muscle, leading to the conclusion that the excess dietary methionine becomes toxic to birds. Despite the gene´s expression seeming to be influenced by the addition of methionine levels in the study, there was no difference in feed intake, feed conversion and weight of the birds.

Resumo Crisopídeos são insetos com grande potencial para uso em controle biológico de pragas agrícolas, mas relativamente poucos estudos têm tentado compreender a estrutura genética destes agentes, especialmente no caso de insetos predadores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar geneticamente populações de C. externa utilizando sequências da subunidade I do gene mitocondrial citocromo oxidase e avaliar a estruturação populacional desta espécie em áreas amostras no estado de São Paulo. Os resultados indicaram elevada diversidade genética e nenhuma estruturação genética, detectada pela AMOVA, além de elevado compartilhamento na rede haplotípica. Este padrão genético poderia ser uma consequência da homogeneidade ambiental favorecida pelos agroecossistemas (citricultura), permitindo fluxo gênico entre as populações. Provavelmente há uma única população, do ponto de vista genético, na área amostrada que poderia ser utilizada em criações massais e em liberações nas fazendas desta região.

Abstract Green lacewings are insects with great potential to be use in the biological control of agricultural pests, but relatively few studies have attempted to understand the genetic structure of these agents, especially those of predatory insects. The purpose of this study was to characterize genetically populations of C. externa using sequences of subunit I of the cytochrome oxidase, a mitochondrial gene, and examine the population structure of this species in sampled areas in São Paulo state. The results indicate high genetic diversity but no genetic structure, detected by AMOVA analysis, and high levels of haplotype sharing in the network. These genetic patterns could be a consequence of environmental homogeneity provided by agroecosystem (citrus orchard), allowing gene flow among populations. Probably there is a unique population in the area sampled that could be used as a population (genetic) source for mass-reared and posterior release in these farms.

Resumo Nós acreditamos que nos trópicos, precisamos de uma abordagem de comunidade para avaliar os impactos das estradas sobre a vida silvestre, e então, sugerir medidas de mitigação para grupos de espécies ao invés da abordagem de espécie-foco. Compreender quais características da paisagem indicam eventos de atropelamento podem também fornecer modelos que podem ser aplicados em outras regiões. Nós pretendemos avaliar se habitat ou matriz é mais relevante para prever eventos de atropelamento para grupos de espécies. Nossa hipótese é: matriz mais permeável é o fator mais relevante para explicar os eventos de atropelamentos. Para testar essa hipótese, escolhemos vertebrados como a assembléia estudada e uma rodovia cruzando uma região de Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil como área de estudo. Modelos de regressão logística foram criados usando presença/ausência de eventos de atropelamentos como variáveis dependentes e características da paisagem como variáveis independentes, os quais foram selecionados pelo Critério de Informação de Akaike. Nós consideramos um conjunto de modelos candidatos contendo quatro tipos de modelos de regressão simples: modelo de efeito de habitat; modelos de efeito de tipos de matriz; modelo de efeito da rodovia; e, modelos de referência (intercepto e distância da faixa de influência). Quase 300 atropelamentos e 70 espécies foram registradas. Proximidade do rio e cobertura da vegetação herbácea, ambos modelos de efeito da matriz, foram associadas à maioria dos grupos de vertebrados atropelados. Matriz foi mais relevante do que habitat para prever atropelamentos de vertebrados. A associação entre proximidade do rio e atropelamentos indica que rios podem ser a rota preferencial para a maioria das espécies. Nós discutimos medidas de mitigação multi-espécies e implicações para a ecologia do movimento e estratégias de conservação.

Abstract We believe that in tropics we need a community approach to evaluate road impacts on wildlife, and thus, suggest mitigation measures for groups of species instead a focal-species approach. Understanding which landscape characteristics indicate road-kill events may also provide models that can be applied in other regions. We intend to evaluate if habitat or matrix is more relevant to predict road-kill events for a group of species. Our hypothesis is: more permeable matrix is the most relevant factor to explain road-kill events. To test this hypothesis, we chose vertebrates as the studied assemblage and a highway crossing in an Atlantic Forest region in southeastern Brazil as the study site. Logistic regression models were designed using presence/absence of road-kill events as dependent variables and landscape characteristics as independent variables, which were selected by Akaike’s Information Criterion. We considered a set of candidate models containing four types of simple regression models: Habitat effect model; Matrix types effect models; Highway effect model; and, Reference models (intercept and buffer distance). Almost three hundred road-kills and 70 species were recorded. River proximity and herbaceous vegetation cover, both matrix effect models, were associated to most road-killed vertebrate groups. Matrix was more relevant than habitat to predict road-kill of vertebrates. The association between river proximity and road-kill indicates that rivers may be a preferential route for most species. We discuss multi-species mitigation measures and implications to movement ecology and conservation strategies.

AbstractThis study aimed to concentrate glycosyl hydrolases produced by Trichoderma harzianum P49P11 by ethanol precipitation. The variables tested besides ethanol concentration were temperature and pH. The precipitation with 90% (v/v) ethanol at pH 5.0 recovered more than 98% of the xylanase activity, regard less of the temperature (5.0, 15.0, or 25.0 °C). The maximum recovery of cellulase activity as FPase was 77% by precipitation carried out at this same pH and ethanol concentration but at 5.0 °C. Therefore, ethanol precipitation can be considered to be an efficient technique for xylanase concentration and, to a certain extent, also for the cellulase complex.

Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação realizada a respeito da Rede Altimétrica Fundamental do Brasil (RAFB) com base em posicionamento GPS (Global Positioning System) e determinação do distúrbio do potencial sobre referências de nível. Um modelo para o distúrbio do potencial pode ser obtido com base nos coeficientes do desenvolvimento em séries de funções harmônicas esféricas do potencial gravitacional como os do Earth Gravity Model 2008 (EGM08) por exemplo. A abordagem provê a base para avaliação absoluta de números geopotenciais normais (ou números esferopotencias) locais relativamente a um Sistema Global de Altitudes (SGA). Para verificar a validade desta metodologia proposta um experimento numérico foi desenvolvido em relação a uma área teste no sul do Brasil. As acurácias dos números geopotenciais obtidos foram testadas em relação a números geopotenciais normais com base em 262 pontos GPS sobre a rede de nivelamento. O valor do erro médio quadrático (EMQ) em termos de um desvio métrico absoluto do Sistema Altimétrico Brasileiro (SAB) obtido a partir dos números geopotenciais e do distúrbio do potencial na área teste foi estimado em cerca de 0,224 metros. Uma vez que os números esferopotenciais são referidos ao datum local, os resultados das comparações efetivadas podem ser um indicador do desvio da rede local em vista da topografia do nível médio do mar (TNMM) e a possível inconsistência entre a origem do SAB e o modelo do quase-geóide para a região.

This paper deals with the geopotential approach to investigate the present Brazilian Height System (BHS). Geopotential numbers are derived from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite surveying and disturbing potential on selected benchmarks. A model for the disturbing potential can be obtained by an existing set of spherical harmonic coefficients such as the Earth Gravity Model 2008 (EGM08). The approach provides absolute evaluation of local normal geopotential numbers (aka spheropotential numbers) related to a so-called World Height System (WHS). To test the validity of the proposed methodology, a numerical experiment was carried out related to a test region in Southern Brazil. The accuracy of the derived geopotential numbers was tested versus local normal geopotential numbers based on 262 GPS/leveling points. The root mean square error (RMSE) value for metric offset of BHS derived from geopotential numbers and the disturbing potential modeling in the test area was estimated to be near 0.224 meters in the absolute view. Therefore, since these spheropotential numbers are referred to a local datum, these results of comparisons may be an indicator of the mean bias of local network due to the effect of local Sea Surface Topography (SSTop) and possible offset between the unknown reference for the BHS and the quasigeoid model in the region.

Strong rainfall events have unquestionably one of the largest economic and social impacts of any atmospheric phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to simulate the weather conditions associated with the heavy precipitation episode during 11-13 March 2002, which generated intense rainfall as well as hail and snow in the central and northern regions of Continental Portugal. The simulation was carried out using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), through a three nested grids configuration 48 km, 12 km and the highest resolution being 3 km, to capture the synoptic and mesoscale circulation patterns. The initial and lateral boundary conditions necessary to drive RAMS were taken from the Brazilian Center of Weather Prediction and Climate Studies (CPTEC) global model forecasts in the form of spectral coefficients with T62 triangular truncation equivalent to 1.825° resolution in the meridional and zonal directions. The model results show that the RAMS model is a useful framework to describe the rainfall patterns over the region, reproducing the area without rainfall within the domain reasonably well, although the model overestimated or underestimated the observed values at different periods. The spatial distribution of the total accumulated rainfall showed some tendency to predict more precipitation over higher elevations, probably influenced by dynamical forcing and associated microphysical processes.

Los eventos fuertes de precipitación incuestionablemente tienen, de entre todos los fenómenos atmosféricos, los mayores impactos económicos y sociales. El propósito de este trabajo es simular las condiciones climáticas asociadas con el episodio de precipitación fuerte que ocurrió entre el 11 y el 13 de marzo de 2002 y que generó lluvia intensa así como granizo y nieve en las regiones central y norte de Portugal continental. La simulación se llevó a cabo utilizando el sistema de modelación atmosférica regional (Regional Atmospheric Modelling System, RAMS) con redes de configuración de 48 y 12 km y una resolución máxima de 3 km para capturar los patrones de circulación sinópticos y de mesoescala. Las condiciones iniciales y laterales de frontera necesarias para ejecutar el RAMS se obtuvieron de los modelos globales de pronóstico del centro brasileño de predicción del tiempo y estudios climáticos (Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, CPTEC) en la forma de coeficientes espectrales con triangulación truncada T62 equivalente a 1.825° de resolución en las direcciones meridional y zonal. Los resultados del modelo muestran que el RAMS es un marco útil para describir los patrones de lluvia de la región, reproduciendo razonablemente bien el área sin precipitación dentro del dominio; sin embargo el modelo sobreestima o subestima los valores observados en diferentes periodos. La distribución espacial de la precipitación total acumulada mostró una tendencia a predecir mayor precipitación sobre los lugares elevados, probablemente por la influencia del forzamiento dinámico y la asociación con procesos microfísicos.

Introduction: Leptin, hormone secreted by the fat tissue, changes the signaling of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, which directly affects the sensitivity of reward and modulation of abstinence. Aims: To evaluate the level of serum leptin and its relation to nutritional status among alcoholic abstainers and non-abstinent. Methods: Patients of both sexes, over 18 years old and who used alcohol as their primary drug were included in the study. Abstaining patients were separated according to the time without the use of the drug as A2 (1-3 month-abstainers) and A3 (4 month and over-abstainers). Waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (%BF) and weight and height were measured to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Blood samples were collected for leptin measurement. Results: Mean levels of leptin, leptin/BMI, leptin/%BF were higher in all women categories. Abstaining women (A2) also showed higher leptin, leptin/BMI and leptin/ %BF than non-abstinent (p = 0.039; p = 0.023; p = 0.023). Statistical differences were also shown among abstaining women A2 and A3 as well a significant positive association between leptin levels and BMI and leptin and WC in active female drinkers (leptin x BMI: r = 0.91; p < 0.01; leptin x WC: r = 0.87; p = 0.001). However, a significant association was not shown among these results in abstaining women (leptin x BMI: r = 0.28; p = 0.37/ leptin X WC: r = -0.32, p = 0.92). Conclusion: Our results suggest that leptin levels seem to increase only in abstaining women. This result can be related to the length of abstinence.

Introducción: La leptina, hormona secretada en el tejido adiposo, altera la señalización de la dopamina en el núcleo accumbens, lo que afecta directamente la sensibilidad a la recompensa y la modulación de la abstinencia. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de leptina en suero y su relación con el estado nutricional entre los abstemios y los alcohólicos activos. Métodos: Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años de edad y que utilizan el alcohol como droga principal. Los pacientes fueron separados en función del tiempo sin el uso de la droga como abstinentes A2 (1-3 meses de abstinencia) y A3 (4 meses o más de abstinencia). Se midieron la circunferencia de la cintura (CC); el % de grasa corporal (%GC) y el peso y la altura para calcular el IMC. Muestras de sangre fueron colectadas para la medición de la leptina. Resultados: Los niveles medios de leptina, la leptina/ IMC, leptina/%GC, fueron mayores entre las mujeres. Las mujeres abstinentes (A2), también presentaron mayor nivel de leptina, la leptina/IMC y leptina/%GC, de que las mujeres bebedoras activas (p = 0,039, p = 0,023, p = 0,023). Las diferencias estadísticas también se muestran entre las mujeres abstinentes A2 y A3. Se observó una asociación positiva significativa entre niveles de lep-tina y el IMC y leptina y la CC en las mujeres alcohólicas activas (leptina x IMC: r = 0,91, p < 0,01; leptina x CC: r = 0,87, p = 0,001). Sin embargo, una asociación significativa no se muestra entre estos resultados en las mujeres abstinentes (leptina x IMC: r = 0,28, p = 0,37/leptina x CC: r = -0,32, p = 0,92). Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que los niveles de la leptina parecen aumentar sólo en las mujeres que se abstienen. Este resultado puede estar relacionado con la duración de la abstinencia.

Background and aims: Childhood obesity is increasing dramatically in last decades. To evaluate the usefulness of body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness (ST), waist circumference (WC), and foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance (BIA-FF) for screening for obesity in mixed-race popu lation, using the tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance (BIA-T) technique as reference method. Methods and results: A cross-sectional-based population study was performed in the city of Ouro Preto, Brazil, in 2006. Schoolchildren aged 6-15 years (n = 788) was randomly selected according to age and sex stratified by the proportion of students in each schools of the city. Nonparametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to define the sensitivity and specificity for each method studied using the tetrapolar method as reference. The BMI and the BIA-FF were the most suitable for adiposity screening in pre-pubertal and pubertal stages because they present a better balance between sensitivity and specificity, and smaller misclassification. For post-pubertal boys, the BF-ST-D was the best body fat assessment method. Conclusion: The results suggest that BIA-FF and BMI are choice methods for obesity screening in mixed population and that the method choice for body fat screening must be done according to sexual maturity of boys and girls. The present study demonstrates the need to perform studies in wider mixed-race population to determine anthropometric parameters and to examine the predictive ability of methods and cut-offs here elucidated in the development of obesity.

Antecedentes y objetivos: La obesidad infantil está aumentando alarmantemente en las últimas décadas. Para evaluar la utilidad del índice de masa corporal (IMC), el grosor del pliegue cutáneo (GPC), la circunferencia de la cintura (CC), y la impedancia bioeléctrica pie-a-pie (BIA-PP) para el cribado de la obesidad en poblaciones con diversidad de razas utilizando una técnica de impedancia bioeléctrica tetrapolar (BIA-T) como el método de referencia. Métodos y resultados: se realizó un estudio transversal poblacional in la ciudad de Ouro Preto, Brasil, en el 2006. Se distribuyó al azar a escolares de 6-15 años (n = 788), que se seleccionaron en función de la edad y el sexo, estratificados por la proporción de estudiantes en cada colegio de la ciudad. Se utilizó un análisis no paramétrico de curvas ROC para definir la sensibilidad y la especificidad para cada método estudiado empleando el método tetrapolar como referencia. El IMC y la BIA-PP fueron los más idóneos para el cribado de la obesidad en las etapas prepuberales y puberales puesto que presentan un equilibrio mejor entre la sensibilidad y la especificidad y un menor fallo de clasificación. Para los niños prepúberes, el BF-GPC-D fue el mejor método de evaluación de la grasa corporal. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que la BIA-PP y el IMC son los métodos de elección para el cribado de la obesidad en poblaciones mixtas y que el método de elección para el cribado de la grasa corporal debe realizarse de acuerdo con la madurez sexual de los chicos y chicas. Este estudio demuestra la necesidad de realizar estudios en poblaciones mixtas más amplias para determinar los parámetros antropológicos y examinar la capacidad predictiva de los métodos y los puntos de corte obtenidos aquí en el desarrollo de la obesidad.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta de adultos de Chrysoperla externa alimentados com diferentes dietas. Adultos da geração F2 foram individualizados em gaiolas de PVC e alimentados com lêvedo de cerveja+mel (dieta padrão), lêvedo de cana + mel e extrato de soja + mel (1:1). Os bioensaios foram conduzidos a 25 ? 2º C, 60 ? 10% de UR e fotofase de 12 horas. Avaliou-se, durante 60 dias, o período de pré-oviposição, oviposição diária e total, viabilidade dos ovos e índice de aproveitamento (IA). Verificou-se que a dieta composta por lêvedo de cana + mel foi semelhante à dieta padrão. Também se verificou que as dietas não interferiram sobre o período de pré-oviposição e a viabilidade dos ovos. Apenas para os insetos alimentados com extrato de soja + mel observou-se redução significativa na oviposição diária, oviposição total e índice de aproveitamento. A dieta composta por lêvedo de cana + mel foi adequada para criação de adultos de C. externa podendo ser utilizada em substituição à dieta composta por lêvedo de cerveja + mel.

ABSTRACT This work was aimed to evaluate the response of adults of Chrysoperla externa fed different diets. Adults from F2 offspring were individualized in PVC cages and received food, formed by yeast + honey (standard diet), sugarcane yeast + honey and soy extract + honey, at 1:1. The bioassays were conducted at 25 ± 2º C, 60 ± 10% of RH and 12-hour photophase. Over a period of 60 days, evaluations were made of the period of pre-oviposition, daily and total oviposition, the viability of the eggs and the exploitation index (EI). It was verified that the diet containing sugarcane yeast + honey was similar to the standard diet. It was also verified that no diet interfered with the pre-oviposition and egg viability. Only for the insects fed soy extract + honey was there a significant reduction in the values of the daily and total oviposition and the exploitation index. Under the tested conditions and proportions, the diet formed by sugarcane yeast + honey was suitable for the rearing of C. externa adults, and can be used to replace the diet formed by yeast + honey.

As espécies de crisopídeos pertencem à Ordem Neuroptera e são caracterizados como vorazes predadores na fase larval e algumas vezes também na fase adulta. Trata-se de um importante grupo usado no controle biológico de pragas da agricultura. Indivíduos de Chrysoperla externa foram coletados ao longo do ano de 2007 até março de 2008 em cinco locais distintos da localidade de Jaboticabal, SP, de modo que todas as estações do ano foram amostradas. Analisaram-se 36 sequências com 805 pares de bases para o gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase I (COI). Os parâmetros genéticos de variação intrapopulacional revelaram 24 haplótipos para esta população, num total de 36 mutações e diversidade haplotípica de 0,956. Os dados de distância genética e de estrutura populacional calculados para esta população, considerando os distintos locais e as estações do ano, revelaram uma grande similaridade genética e alto grau de compartilhamento genético entre os indivíduos amostrados. Ficou evidente que a espécie Chrysoperla externa em Jaboticabal, SP está constituída de uma só população, não apresentando estruturação genética nem em função dos locais de coleta nem em função da sazonalidade.

The green lacewings (Chrysopidae) belong to the Order Neuroptera and are described as voracious predators in the larval stage and sometimes also in their adulthood. They are an important group used in integrated biological control in field and horticultural crops. Individuals of Chrysoperla externa were collected during 2007 until March 2008 in five different locations in Jaboticabal, SP, with all the seasons sampled. Thirty six sequences with 805 pairs of bases for the gene mitochondrial Citochrome Oxidase I (COI) were analysed. The genetic parameters revealed 24 haplotypes for this population, a total of 36 mutations and haplotype diversity of 0.956. The data of genetic distance and population structure calculated for this population considering the different areas and seasons, revealed a great genetic similarity and high degree of genetic sharing between individuals sampled. It showed that the species Chrysoperla externa from Jaboticabal, SP, is a single population, without genetic structure neither due to the area of origin nor to the seasons of the year.

RESUMO Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da variação da temperatura sobre as diferentes fases de desenvolvimento de Chrysoperla raimundoi Freitas & Penny, nas temperaturas de 19, 22, 25, 28 e 31º C. Ovos com até 24 horas de idade foram individualizados em tubos de vidro e, após a eclosão, as larvas foram alimentadas com ovos de Sitotroga cerealella Oliver. Foram avaliadas a duração e viabilidade da fase de ovo, dos ínstares e dos períodos larval, de pré-pupa, pupa e do ciclo biológico, além da determinação da temperatura base (Tb) e da constante térmica (K). Verificou-se que a duração das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento de C. raimundoi foi inversamente proporcional ao aumento da temperatura. De maneira geral, não houve efeito sobre a viabilidade das diferentes fases. A temperatura base variou de 8,9 a 17,1º C e a constante térmica de 18,25 a 335,34 GD, em função da duração de cada fase de desenvolvimento do inseto.

ABSTRACT This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of different temperatures on different Chrysoperla raimundoi Freitas & Penny development stages in the laboratory. Eggs around 24h were individualized in glass tubes and kept at 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31º C; 60 ± 10 RH and 12h of light. The larvae were fed with Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) eggs. Evaluations were made of the viability and the developmental time of the egg, of each instar, the larval stage, the pre-pupae and pupae and biological cycle; moreover, the base temperature (Tb) and the thermal constants (K) of these stages was determined. It was observed that the developmental time of C. raimundoi in different development stages decreased as the temperature increased. Generally, it did not have any effect on the viability of the different stages. The base temperature varied from 8.9 to 17.1º C and the thermal constants from 18.25 to 335.34 GD, in function of the duration of each phase of development of the insect.

Legal education in South Africa has arrived at a discursive juncture that demands clarity on what the "purpose" of legal education should be. Debate on the purpose of legal education, more specifically for the Christian law student, becomes especially important in a society dominated by positivism, materialism and pragmatism. With specific reference to the undergraduate Christian law student, this article firstly explains that the purpose of legal education should include the nurturing of the student's belief - a belief encompassing his/her foundational perspective(s) on reality. Secondly, in order to achieve the proper nurturing and development of the Christian law student's belief, the importance of the teaching of legal philosophy is explained. In this regard, proposals are postulated pertaining to specific means by which such nurturing and development of the undergraduate Christian law student's foundational belief can be attained.

Regsopleiding in Suid-Afrika het by 'n diskursiewe tydstip gekom wat duidelikheid vereis oor wat die "doel" van regsopleiding behoort te wees. Debat oor die doel van regsopleiding, meer spesifiek vir die Christen-regstudent, word veral belangrik in 'n nuwe samelewing wat oorheers word deur positivisme, materialisme en pragmatisme. Met spesifieke verwysing na die voorgraadse Christen-regstudent, maak hierdie artikel dit eerstens duidelik dat die doel van regsopleiding die koestering van die student se geloof behoort in te sluit - geloof wat sy/haar grondliggende perspektief(we) oor die werklikheid omvat. Tweedens, ten einde die behoorlike koestering en ontwikkeling van die Christen-regstudent se geloof moontlik te maak, word die belangrikheid van die onderrig van regsfilosofie duidelik gemaak. In hierdie verband word voorstelle wat spesifiek verband hou met maniere waarop sodanige koestering en ontwikkeling van die voorgraadse Christen-regstudent se grondliggende geloof bereik kan word, gepostuleer.